Relationship between Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope and Left Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function in Elderly Patients with Coronary Heart Disease / 中国运动医学杂志

Objective To investigate clinical significance and the correlation between oxygen uptake efficiency slope(OUES) measured by the cardiopulmonary exercise test(CPET) and echocardiographic left ventricular function in elderly patients with coronary heart diseases after the percutaneous coronary intervention.Methods Patients aged 65 years and over after PCI and CPET were enrolled to collect relevant parameters including the peak oxygen consumption(VO2peak),oxygen pulse(VO2/HR),OUES and cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF) index,also mitral annulus systolic peak speed(Sm),early diastolic mitral flow velocity Em and mitral annular early diastolic peak velocity Em ratio(E/Em) using the echocardiography.Patients with systolic velocity of mitral annulus(Sm)≥8 cm/s were assigned to the normal Sm group,while the rest were selected into the lower Sm group.The correlation between the cardiopulmonary fitness and cardiac function was analyzed.Results Four hundred and two patients were enrolled,with an average age of 71 ± 5 years,283 males(70.40％),and 119 females(29.60％).Among them,111 (27.61％) were 75 years of age or older,202(50.25％) ranging from 65 to 69 and 89 (22.14％) between 70 and 74.Totally 227 patients were diagnosed as angina pectoris(56.47％),62 as acute myocardial infarction (15.42％),and 113 patients with old myocardial infarction (28.11％).It was found that the heart systolic function was associated with CRF:Sm and OUES were positively correlated independently(r=29.220,P=0.001);Em was positively related to VO2peak(r=0.176,P＜0.001) andOUES (r=0.151,P=0.003).However,E/Em was negatively correlated with VO2peak (r=-0.199,P＜0.001),VO2/HR (r=-0.118,P=0.018) and OUES (r=-0.201,P＜0.001).The left atrial pressure was negatively correlated with VO2peak (r=-0.187,P＜0.001),VO2/HR (r=-0.108,P=0.030) and OUES (r=-0.185,P＜ 0.001).Left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular end diastolic diameter were not found to be related to cardiorespiratory fitness parameters (P＞0.05).Conclusion The cardiopulmonary exercise test can be used as a practical method to evaluate and guide the rehabilitation exercises.The CRF parameters can evaluate the heart function exercise and is significantly correlated to the resting cardiac systolic and diastolic function parameters.

The evaluation of structural remodeling of the left atrium in elderly patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To assess the difference in left atrial properties between elderly and younger control subjects and the role of left atrium remodeling in patients of different ages with atrial fibrillation.Methods A total of 194 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation were enrolled from September 2014 to June 2016.Based on age,patients were divided into an elderly group (≥60 years,n=129) and a younger group (＜60 years,n=65).We evaluated remodeling parameters for the left atrium using an Ultrasound Cardiography (UCG) system in 125 elder subjects,together with 64 control subjects.All remodeling parameters were recorded,including left atrial diameter (LAD),left atrial square (LAS),left atrial pressure (LAP) and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD).Results The elderly group had more female patients and more patients with persistent atrial fibrillation.Meanwhile,scores of CHA2DS2Vsc and levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP) were significantly increased in elderly patients (both P＜0.05).Moreover,the elderly group was associated with increased values of LAD and LAS[(39.1±4.4)mm vs.(37.1±5.3)mm,P＜0.01;and(23.3±4.5)cm2 vs.(21.4±4.8)cm2,P＜0.01;respectively],compared with those in the control group.Spearman's correlation analysis showed that LAD,LAS and LAP were all markedly related to age (r=0.213,P＜0.05;r=-0.175,P＜0.05;r=0.170,P＜0.05;respectively),persistent onset of atrial fibrillation (r=0.401,P＜0.05;r=0.446,P＜0.05;r=0.160,P＜0.05;respectively),and impaired heart function,measured by left ventricular ejection fraction (r=-0.4371,P＜0.05;r=-0.403,P＜0.05;r=-0.364,P＜0.05;respectively) and NT-ProBNP (r=0.485,P＜0.01;r=0.483,P＜ 0.01;r =0.293,P＜ 0.01;respectively).Conclusions Left atrial remodeling properties measured by the UCG system in the elderly with non-valvular atrial fibrillation are more serious than those in mid-aged and young subjects.As a convenient and accurate assessment of remodeling parameters,the UCG system is an excellent option for measuring left atrial remodeling in the elderly population.

Association between ambulatory blood pressure levels and blood pressure variability with myocardial performance index in untreated hypertensive patients / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the association between ambulatory blood pressure levels and blood pressure variability (BPV) with myocardial performance index (MPI) in untreated hypertensive patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January to September 2013, a total of 81 untreated hypertensive patients were included in this study. All patients received ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and echocardiography measurements. MPI was determined in all patients by the following formula: MPI = (isovolumic contraction time + isovolumic relaxation time)/ejection time. The patients were divided into two groups according to left ventricular MPI: patients with MPI < 0.47 (n = 39) and patients with MPI ≤ 0.47 (n = 42). The mean levels and standard deviation (SD) of 24 h, daytime and nighttime blood pressures were compared between the two groups. SD was used to express BPV. Determinants of MPI were identified by multivariate regression analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>24 h and daytime systolic blood pressure, 24 h, daytime and nighttime diastolic blood pressure, as well as SD of 24 h and daytime systolic blood pressure ((130.1±8.7), (134.0±8.2), (89.1±6.3), (90.9±6.4), (83.1±9.9), (13.7±3.3) and (14.2±3.5) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa), respectively) were significantly higher in patients with MPI > 0.47 than those ((124.8±8.7), (126.7±8.8), (84.5±7.1), (86.2±7.4), (76.4±7.5), (11.8±2.1) and (10.4±1.9) mmHg, respectively) in patients with MPI ≤ 0.47 (all P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that 24 h diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.239, P = 0.007) and SD of 24 h systolic blood pressure (β = 0.333, P < 0.001), left ventricular mass index and early diastolic mitral annular velocity were independently associated with MPI.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The increase of diastolic blood pressure and systolic BPV are associated with the deterioration of left ventricular function.</p>

The Predictive Value of Coronary Flow Reserve in Diagnosing Coronary Stenosis by Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography in Patients of Hypertension / 中国循环杂志

Objective: To assess the predictive value of coronary lfow reserve (CFR) for diagnosing coronary stenosis by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) in patients with hypertension. Methods: A total of 132 patients scheduled for elective coronary angiography (CAG) due to chest pain were enrolled. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Hypertension group,n=95 and Non-hypertension group,n=37. The CRF of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was measured by ATP stress TTDE at 2 days before CAG in all patients and the results were compared between 2 groups. ROC curve was conducted to assess CFR value in diagnosing LAD stenosis which was deifned by LAD luminal diameter stenosis ≥ 70% in relevant patients. Results: The condition of LAD stenosis was similar between 2 groups (42.1% vs. 35.1%),P>0.05. The CFR value in Hypertension group was lower than that in Non-hypertension group (2.39 ± 0.86) vs. (2.87 ± 1.12),P Conclusion: The patients of hypertension combining chest pain had decreased CFR which implied the dysfunction of their microcirculation. CFR had the better diagnostic value for predicting the signiifcant LAD stenosis in such patients.

Effect of social practice on holistic education philosophy for medical graduate students / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Holistic education is an important philosophy of medical education.Medical graduate students can show their skills of medical specialties,improve their abilities of communication and cooperation,and promote their sense of social responsibility through social practice.Through conducting questionnaire among medical graduate students of Peking University Third Hospital who major in internal medicine,we have got to know the effect of social practice on holistic education philosophy.Meanwhile,social practice is a crucial approach to implementing holistic education.

Eeffect of patent ductus ateriosus on cerebral haemodynamic changes and morbidity of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the cerebral haemodynamics change and morbidity of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhages(PIVH) in premature infants with or without patent ductus ateriosus (PDA).Methods Bedside Echocardiography and transcranial sonography (TCS) were performed on 85 cases of preterm infants in 48 h,48 to 96 h,96 to 120 h,120 to 168 h after birth (gestational age≤34 weeks and birth weight≤2 000 g).PDA,peak systolic velocity (Vs),end-diastolic velocity (Vd),pulsatility index (PI) and resistant index (RI) of anterior and middle cerebral artery(ACA and MCA) and PIVH were monitored simutaneously.Results According to the Echocardiography and clinical symptoms,all the cases were divided into 3 groups:haemodynamic significant PDA group (hsPDA group,n =23),non-hsPDA group(nhsPDA group,n =38) and non-PDA group(nPDA group,n =24).The mean birth weight and gestational age did not differ significantly among the 3 groups.Single and multiple Logistic analysis indicated that invasive mechanical ventilation less than 48 h after birth was related to hsPDA (x2 =11.182,P =0.019; OR =10.06,P =0.039).Repetitive measurement deviation analysis found that:Vd of ACA and MCA were lower in the hsPDA group than those in the nhsPDA group (P =0.000,P =0.001) and the nPDA group (P =0.003,P =0.013),while PI and RI were higher than in the other 2 groups.Compared with non-closed group,at 7 days after birth in hsPDA group,RI and PI of closed group were significantly lower,while Vd was significantly higher.Nevertheless,there was no significant difference in hemodynamic parameters when comparison with nPDA group at 7 days after birth.There was no statistical difference in the grading and severity of PIVH with or without PDA.However,the rate of severe PIVH was found higher in hsPDA group than the other 2 groups(17.39％ vs 8.33％ vs 5.26％,x2 =2.405,P =0.280).Conclusions The invasive mechanical ventilation less than 48 h after birth was probably associated with preterm hsPDA.HsPDA could result in major cerebral haemodynamic changes and increase the morbidity of severe PIVH.

The correlation between the artery stiffness and dilation function in patients with multiple cardiovascular risks / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To assess the differences in carotid artery stiffness properties and endothelium-independent dilation (EID)between elderly and young patients,and evaluate the echotracking (ET)system for vascular stiffness at different ages.Methods A total of 79 outpatients with multiple cardiovascular risks were recruited.Clinical data including medical history,height,weight,blood pressure,fasting blood glucose and blood lipid were collected.We evaluated the arterial stiffness parameters of carotid artery and EID using an ultrasonic ET system in 46 elderly subjects,compared with 33 sex-matched non-elderly subjects.The impaired EID function was defined as brachial artery nitroglycerin mediated dilation (NMD)below 4％.Results All stiffness parameters including pressure-strain elasticity modulus stiffness index β (Ep),pulse wave velocity β (PWVβ)and augmentation index (AI)were significantly increased in elderly group compared with the non-elderly group [(138.9±64.7)kPa vs.(100.6±30.8)kPa,(10.9±4.7)vs.(8.2±2.3),and (6.9±1.4)m/s vs.(6.1±0.9)m/s,P＜0.05 respectively],while the exception of arterial compliance (AC)was reduced (0.9±0.3)mm2/kPa vs.(1.0±0.5)mm2/kPa(P＜0.05).The incidence of impaired EID in elderly group was higher than in non-elderly group [56.5％ (26 cases) vs.33.3％ (11 cases),P＜0.05].ET parameters including Ep,stiffness index β,PWVβ,AC and AI were related to age (r=-0.44,-0.45,-0.40,-0.40,0.34,all P＜0.01)； Ep,stiffness index β,PWVβ and AC were also related to impaired EDI (r=-0.38,-0.40,-0.34,-0.29,all P＜0.01).Conclusions Arterial stiffness properties and EID measured by ET system was more serious in elderly with multiple cardiovascular risks than in non-elderly subjects.As a convenient and accurate assessment of stiffness parameters,ET system is optimal option for measuring arterial stiffness and EID in elderly people.

Relationship of B-type natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein and left ventricular diastolic function with cardio-and cerebrovascular disease in the elderly patients with hemodialysis / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship of B-type natriuretic peptide(BNP),Creactive protein(CRP)and left ventricular diastolic function with cardio-and cerebrovascular disease (CVD)in the elderly patients with hemodialysis.Methods 96 elderly patients with hemodialysis were divided into CVD group(n =35)and non CVD control group(n =61).The patients were followed up once a month for 24 to 30 months.The baseline anthropometric and laboratory parameters were measured.The ratio of mitral peak flow velocity(E)and peak velocities at mitral annuluses (Em)during early diastole of left ventricular was recorded by doppler echocardiography.The time and cause of hospitalization and mortality by CVD were documented.Results The levels of CRP and BNP were significantly higher in CVD group than in control group[(3.1 ± 6.7)mg/L vs.(1.8 ± 1.2)mg/L,(1345.2±1427.8)pmol/L vs.(719.8±1073.8)pmol/L](t=2.14 and-2.82,P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).The ratio of E/ Em was increased in CVD group as compared with control group(t=5.23,P＜0.01).Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the morbidity of CVD events was enhanced(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01)at BNP≥500 pmol/L,CRP≥1.5 mg/L and E/Em≥17 which were the independent risk factors of CVD events for the elderly patients with hemodialysis by COX regression model.There was positive correlation between LogBNP and E /Em(r =0.23,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Higher levels of BNP,CRP and E/Em may predict the increasing risks of CVD in the elderly patients with hemodialysis.

The evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by tissue Doppler echocardiography in essential hypertension / 中华内科杂志

Objective To evaluate Left ventricular(LV) diastolic function in essential hypertension by conventional pulse-wave Doppler echocardiography (cPWD) and Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) and compare the two modalities. Methods Two hundred patients with essential hypertension were classified as NLVH subgroup (n = 160) and LVH subgroup (n =40) based on left ventricular mass index (LVMI) with one hundred and sixty health subjects as control group. The mitral valve flow pattern (MVFP) was obtained.Early diastolic (E) and late velocities (A) were measured and E/A was calculated. DTI was used to obtain the left ventricular lateral wall early diastolic mitral annulus velocity (Em) and E/Em was calculated.Results Essential hypertension patients had LV diastolic dysfunction both by cPWD (higher E and lower E/A ratio) and DTI (lower Em and higher E/Em ratio) compared with healthy subjects [E:(0. 88 ±0. 18)cm/s vs (0. 76 ±0. 19) cm/s;E/A ratio:0. 86 ±0. 28 vs 1.02 ±0. 38;Em: (9. 4 ±2. 8)cm/s vs (11. 9 ±3. 8)cm/s;E/Em ratio;7. 9 ± 2. 7 vs 6. 0 ± 1. 8: with all P value ＜0.01]. Em was significantly reduced and E/Em was significantly elevated in LVH subgroup than NLVH subgroup [Em; (7.7 ±2. 6) cm/s vs (9. 9 ± 2. 8) cm/s, E/Em: 9. 6 ± 3. 6 vs 7. 4 ± 2. 4, P ＜ 0. 05]. No significant difference was found in A and E/A between these two subgroups [(0. 90 ± 0. 22) cm/s vs (0. 87 ± 0. 17) cm/s; 0. 80 ± 0. 34 vs 0.88 ±0.28, P ＞ 0.05]. Conclusions cPWD and DTI both had implications to detect diastolic dysfunction in non-hypertrophic stage hypertension. Em、E/Em could be more sensitive and precise to reflect the impairment of diastolic function in the progress of hypertension.

Expression of angiopoietin-1 and Tie2 receptor during angiogenesis in rats with myocardial infarction / 中国组织工程研究

AIM: To investigate the role of angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and Tie2 receptor in angiogenesis after myocardial infarction through detecting their mRNA expression in normal and infracted myocardium. METHODS: The experiment was conducted in the laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Department of Peking University from April 2006 to April 2007. Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into acute myocardial infarction model group and sham-operation group. The myocardial infarction model was established in the rats of model group through the ligation of left anterior descending artery, while the rats in sham operation group were braided of the left anterior descending artery without ligation. Five rats in both groups were executed at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after model establishment. RNA was extracted from the same site of left anterior wall, and the polymerase chain reaction was used to semiquantitatively analyze the Ang1 and Tie2 receptor mRNA expression with GAPDH gene as internal control; meanwhile, the immunohistochemistry was used to detect vascular density in and around infarction area. All the treatments for animals were accorded with the animal ethical standards. RESULTS: All 40 rats were included in the final analysis. Both Ang1 and Tie2 receptor were expressed in normal myocardium. In the 28 days after myocardial infarction, Ang1 expression kept at almost the same level without changing, but Tie2 receptor expression was slightly elevated at 3 days, reached peak value at 7 days, and returned to the baseline value at 14 days. The vascular density increased both infarction and peri-infarction area at 7 days after acute myocardial infarction, and did not change with time. CONCLUSION: Tie2 receptor expression is elevated and coincided with angiogenesis after myocardial infarction. It may play a role in the development and stabilization of the blood vessel after myocardial infarction.

Factors Related to Ventricular Arrhythmia Complicating Acute Phase of Myocardial Infarction / 中国循环杂志

Objective:To explore the related factors of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) complicating acute phase of myocardial infarction and their effects on short term prognosis. Methods:A total of 161 subjects with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were divided into 5 groups according to VA types: frequent single ventricular premature beat group(n=10),bigeminy or paired ventricular premature beat group (n=21),non-sus- tained ventricular tachycardia group (n=31),ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation group (n=11) and control group (n=88). The characteristics of coronary artery and left ventricular ejection fraction were determined. Results:The incidence of left main coronary occlusion was more frequent in ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation group than in control group (P

Evaluation of N-Terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide for Assessment of Left Ventricular Remodeling and Left Ventricular Function in Acute Myocardial Infarction / 中国循环杂志

Objective:To evaluate the value of N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide(NT proBNP) in assessment of left ventricular remodeling and left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods:Echocardiography was performed in 61 patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) and in 20 control participants Plasma samples for NT proBNP were obtained at 48 96 hours after AMI.NT proBNP was determined by ELISA method. Results:Compared with controls NT proBNP in AMI patients were significantly higher ( p 55.The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy were 84 6%,65 5% and 77 7%,respectively.In Multivariate analysis NT proBNP was correlated with Killip classification and wall motion index. Conclusion:Plasma NT proBNP was significantly increased in AMI patients Plasma NT proBNP was correlated with cardiac functional class and extension of myocardial infraction.

The effects of high-dose folic acid on vascular endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease and undergone interventional therapy / 中国介入心脏病学杂志

Objective To evaluate whether High-Dose folic acid supplementation may improve endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease undergone interventional therapy. Methods Forty six patients with coronary artery disease and undergone interventional therapy were divided into two groups: 23 with folic acid supplement (20 mg/d) and 23 Patients without folic acid as the controls for 6 months. Plasma homocystine (Hcy) was measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay and Flow-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery was assessed by high resolution ultrasound before and after 6 months. Results Compared with the control, folic acid supplementation resulted in lower plasma Hcy levels (8.82?3.32 ?mol/L vs 13.16?5.06 ?mol/L, P

Clinical and echocardiographic features of constrictive pericarditis:analysis of 36 cases with literature review / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To analyze the clinical and echocardiographic features of constrictive pericarditis. Methods: Thirty-six patients diagnosed as having constrictive pericarditis from Oct. 1989 to Jun. 2007 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Clinical manifestations and echocardiographic features were analyzed. Results: The main clinical manifestations were fatigue, effort dyspnea(100%), and sign of pressure elevation of vena cava(97%). Echocardiographic features included thickening of pericardium(67%), abnormal motion of septal and posterior wall of left ventricle in diastole(83%,75% respectively), left and right atrial enlargement(92%,39% respectively), early filling changes of mitral flow with respiration(93%), inferior vena cava dilation and without respiration variation(100%), mitral annulus paradoxical enhanced motion in early diastole. Conclusion: Clinical manifestations of pressure elevation of vena cava were indicators for diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis. Echocardiography could be a valuable method for confirming the diagnosis.

Transplantation of bone marrow cells up-regulated the expressions of HSP32 and HSP70 in the acute ischemic myocardium / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To clarify the role of Heat shock proteins (HSPs) on the cardiac function during acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after bone marrow cell implantation (BMT), we examined the expression of HSP32 and HSP70 in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Methods: Myocardial infarction model was induced in the inbred Lewis rats by left anterior descending artery ligation,and 5?10 6 of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM MNCs) were injected into an ischemic zone. On days 1, 3, 7 and 14 post infarct, the differentiations of transplanted cells and the expressions of HSP32 and HSP70 were determined by immunofluorescence or RT-PCR. The cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Results: Immunofluorescence microscopy of hearts from BMT group revealed that expressions of HSP32 and HSP70 were promoted within cardiomyocytes in the infarction zone and the peri infarct zone,and expressed within some transplanted bone marrow cells as well. RT-PCR also showed the mRNA expression levels of HSP32 and HSP70 in BMT group were significantly higher than those of the control group, peaked on day 3 post infarct (5.0 fold and 2.9 fold, respectively, P

Analyzing of the evolutionary trend of clinical features and therapy in 68 cases of infective endocarditis / 中国实用内科杂志

Objective To analyze the evolutionary trend of clinical features in infective endocarditis.Methods The study enrolled 68 patients who were diagnosed as having infective endocarditis from July 1987 to July 2007.The patients were divided into two groups:group Ⅰ included patients from 1987 to 1997,group Ⅱ included patients from 1997 to 2007.All clinic data were compared.Results In both groups,61 patients(89.7%) had basic heart diseases,67 patients(98.5%) had fever and 62 patients(91.2%)had cardiac murmur;41 patients(60.3%) had positive results in the blood culture.Vegetations were found in 57 cases(83.8%) by echocardiography.The rate of surgical treatment was 19.1%,the total cure rate was 66.7%.Comparing the data between the two groups,age of onset changed from (36.7?12.7)years to (44.4?18.6)years(P

Upregulation of Tie2 receptor and enhancement of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis by gene transfer of angiopoietin-1 in rat models of acute myocardial infarction / 中国介入心脏病学杂志

Objective To investigate the possible mechanisms of enhancing angiogenesis and arteriogenesis through the oberservation of the effect of gene transfer of angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) on its receptor Tie2 in rat models of acute myocardial infarction. Methods Myocardial infarction was induced in rats by left anterior descending artery ligation. Naked plasmid DNA encoding human angiopoietin-1 (phAng1) was delivered into the ischemic area (group A) by intramyocardial injection. On day 3, 7, 14 and 28 after the injection, the mRNA expression of Tie2 and its changes with time were determined by RT-PCR. The number of vessels and arterioles was examined by immunohistochemistry. The collagen was evaluated by Masson staining. Results RT-PCR showed that mRNA expression levels of Tie2 in group A were significantly higher than those in the control group, reached the highest level on day 7 post-injection, and gradually declined to normal level 28 days later. On day 7, 14 and 28, the vessel count showed the number of blood vessels (angiogenesis and arteriogenesis) in group A was greater than that of the control group at the same timepoint and the infracted myocardium in group A was significantly less than that of the control group. Conclusion Gene transfer of phAng1 enhances angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in acute myocardial infarction and reduces the infraction area probably by upregulating the expressions of Tie2 receptor.